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Interactivity
"The ability of the viewer to directly manipulate and influence his or her experience of media." Indeterminancy John Cage was a philosopher, musician/composer, artist and poet whose collaborative work with artists in the 1950s and 1960s encouraged an explosion of performance that incorporated various sorts of movement with artifacts, images and noise. Influenced by Zen Buddhism, Cage saw that indeterminancy or chance was an integral part of composition. He wanted anarchic work that "dethroned the artist as the heroic, all-powerful arbiter of creative expression" to primarily include audience interaction and participation. Man-Machine Symbiosis While scientist J.C.R. Licklider was Director of the U.S. Government's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1960, he supported research that led to the rise of human-computer interactivity (HCI) and the personal computer. Through including such features as a keyboard and real-time graphics with computers, Licklider saw the increasing possibility for human beings and intelligent machines to work together as creative collaborators. Augmentation Douglas Engelbert is known as the revolutionary engineer who invented the mouse, windows, e-mail, and the word processor. In the 1960's, Engelbert led an ARPA-funded project called NLS (oNLine System), a networked environment that supported human-computer interaction. This project later inspired the development of the first personal computer and the graphical user interface at Xerox PARC in the 1970s. For Engelbert, networked computing was an effective means to augment the human mind through the collaborative sharing of knowledge. Interface Alan Kay formed the Learning Research Group at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) in 1972. Through his research on human learning and creative processes, Kay introduced the graphical user interface (GUI), a vital innovation in human-computer interaction. GUI is basically the graphical representation of computing functions, such as the menus, windows and folders on your desktop. Fueled by the idea that computers may replace books, Kay developed the first personal computer called the Dynabook. The Dynabook would be a medium where dynamic media or hypermedia - such as text, sound, animation and images could be synthesized.
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